Keywords: Local anesthetic, regional anesthesia, general anesthesia, sedation, cardiovascular risks, preoperative evaluation, difficult airway, perioperative medications, surgical risk calculators Purchase PDF This review contains 6 figures, 13 tables, and 142 references With the increasing complexity of patients and the operations being performed, this ensures the best possible outcome.

Providing optimal perioperative care for the patient requires the surgeon to understand the risks and benefits of each anesthetic approach and to relay potential portions of the procedure that may have a profound impact on the patient’s physiology so the anesthesiologist can properly prepare for it. Proper care of the operative patient requires excellent communication and coordination between the surgical and anesthetic team. It is equally necessary that surgeons have a working knowledge of anesthesia because it is important in patient selection for surgery, and for intraoperative factors including patient positioning and invasive monitoring. Renal Causes Renal tubular acidosis Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 2.It is expected that surgeons have detailed and nuanced knowledge of the procedures they perform. Etiology: On the basis of anion gap metabolic acidosis and its etiology can be divided in to 2 groups 2 : High anion gap metabolic acidosis Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis Table 1 : Causes of Metabolic Acidosis Classified by Anion Gap Normal Anion-Gap Acidosis High Anion-Gap Acidosis 1.

Metabolic acidosis can be produced by three major mechanisms 1 : Increased acid generation ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis Loss of bicarbonate via the bowel diarrhoea, small bowel fistulas or via the kidneys carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, renal tubular acidosis and Diminished renal acid excretion renal failure or type 1 distal renal tubular acidosis. The compensatory reduction in PCO2 due to hyperventilation minimizes the fall in ph. Metabolic Acidosis Introduction: Metabolic acidosis is a disorder characterized by a low bicarbonate concentration and a low ph. Reduction in bicarbonate concentration leads to low ph and causes metabolic acidosis, while rise in bicarbonate concentration leads to high ph and causes metabolic alkalosis.

Sanjay pandya fluid therapy pdf